US President Donald Trump has asked for at least $100bn (\u00a375bn) in oil industry spending for Venezuela, but received a lukewarm response at the White House as one executive warned the South American country was currently "uninvestable".
Bosses of the biggest US oil firms who attended the meeting acknowledged that Venezuela, sitting on vast energy reserves, represented an enticing opportunity.
But they said significant changes would be needed to make the region an attractive investment. No major financial commitments were immediately forthcoming.
Trump has said he will unleash the South American nation's oil after US forces seized its leader Nicolas Maduro in a 3 January raid on its capital.
"One of the things the United States gets out of this will be even lower energy prices," Trump said in Friday's meeting at the White House.
But the oil bosses present expressed caution.
Exxon's chief executive Darren Woods said: "We have had our assets seized there twice and so you can imagine to re-enter a third time would require some pretty significant changes from what we've historically seen and what is currently the state."
"Today it's uninvestable."
Venezuela has had a complicated relationship with international oil firms since oil was discovered in its territory more than 100 years ago.
Chevron is the last remaining major American oil firm still operating in the country.
A handful of companies from other countries, including Spain's Repsol and Italy's Eni, both of which were represented at the White House meeting, are also active.
Trump said his administration would decide which firms would be allowed to operate.
"You're dealing with us directly. You're not dealing with Venezuela at all. We don't want you to deal with Venezuela," he said. <\/p>\n
The White House has said it is working to "selectively" roll back US sanctions that have restricted sales of Venezuelan oil.
Officials say they have been coordinating with interim authorities in the country, which is currently led by Maduro's former second-in-command, Vice-President Delcy Rodr\u00edguez.
But they have also made clear they intend to exert control over the sales, as a way to maintain leverage over Rodr\u00edguez's government.
The US this week has seized several oil tankers carrying sanctioned crude. American officials have said they are working to set up a sales process, which would deposit money raised into US-controlled accounts.
"We are open for business," Trump said.
On Friday, Trump signed an executive order that seeks to prohibit US courts from seizing revenue that the US collects from Venezuelan oil and holds in American Treasury accounts.
Any court attempt to access those funds would interfere with US foreign relations and international goodwill, the executive order states.
"President Trump is preventing the seizure of Venezuelan oil revenue that could undermine critical US efforts to ensure economic and political stability in Venezuela," the White House wrote in a fact sheet about the order.
Venezuela's oil production has been hit in recent decades by disinvestment and mismanagement – as well as US sanctions. At roughly one million barrels per day, the country accounts for less than 1% of global supply.
Chevron, which accounts for about a fifth of the country's output, said it expected to bolster its production, building on its current presence, while Exxon said it was working to send in a technical team to assess the situation in the coming weeks.
Repsol, which currently boasts output of about 45,000 barrels per day, said it saw a path to triple its production in Venezuela over the next few years under the right conditions.
Executives at other firms also said Trump's promises of change would encourage investment and they were hoping to seize the moment.
"We are ready to go to Venezuela," said Bill Armstrong, who leads an independent oil and gas driller. "In real estate terms, it is prime real estate."
But analysts say meaningfully increasing production would take significant effort.
"They are being as polite as humanly possible, and being as supportive as they can, without committing actual dollars," said David Goldwyn, president of the energy consultancy Goldwyn Global Strategies and former US state department special envoy for international energy affairs.
Exxon and Shell are "not going to invest single-digit billions of dollars, much less tens of billions of dollars", without physical security, legal certainty and a competitive fiscal framework, Goldwyn said.
"It's not really welcome from an industry point of view," he said. "The conditions are just not right."
While smaller companies might be more eager to jump in and help boost Venezuela's oil production over the next year, he said those investments would likely hover in the $50m range – far from the "fantastical" $100bn figure that Trump has floated.
Rystad Energy estimates it would take $8bn to $9bn in new investments per year for production to triple by 2040.
Trump's suggested $100bn of investment into Venezuela could have a major impact on production – if it were to materialise, said the firm's chief economist, Claudio Galimberti.
He said companies would only be likely to invest on that scale with subsidies – and political stability. Americans should not expect the situation in Venezuela to lower oil prices anytime soon, he added.
"It's going to be difficult to see big commitments before we have a fully stabilised political situation and that is anybody's guess when that happens," he said. <\/p>\n
Additional reporting by Danielle Kaye<\/i>
The tanker, the Olina, is on multiple countries' sanctions list and is "suspected of carrying embargoed oil", US officials say.
The ships were boarded by US forces in predawn operations in the North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea.
Officials say sales were expected to start with 30 million to 50 million barrels of oil and the revenue would be controlled by the US government.
US officials say that American forces plan to seize the Russian-flagged ship, which is accused of breaking sanctions.
Malborough is first in line for reconnection, with vulnerable customers taking priority.
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